In a randomized study of 2880 low-income participants, a monthly cash benefit significantly reduced emergency department (ED) visits from 317.5 to 217.1 per 1000 persons, including fewer ED visits leading to hospital admissions and those related to behavioral health and substance use. Outpatient visits to subspecialists increased, especially for those without a car. These findings suggest that poverty alleviation policies, such as cash benefits, may enhance health and access to care.