Hepatic Vein Doppler:
Systolic Wave (S-wave): A large, antegrade wave reflecting atrial relaxation and ventricular systole, indicating blood flowing from the liver into the right atrium.
Diastolic Wave (D-wave): A smaller, antegrade wave during ventricular diastole, indicating blood flowing from the liver into the right atrium as the tricuspid valve opens.
A-wave: A small retrograde wave occurring during atrial contraction, reflecting a brief reversal of flow as the right atrium contracts
