Biomarkers for AKI subgrouping—dinosaur parkour illustration.
The clinical use of biomarkers in AKI is influenced by the heterogeneity of patient groups and outcomes. Biomarkers have a range of advantages, including the early detection of kidney injury, the identification of AKI subphenotypes (subsets of clinical features within a shared phenotype), the recognition of AKI endotypes (subsets of patients with distinct biological disease mechanisms), and the predictive enrichment of high-risk patient groups for specific care pathways or interventions.
AKI, acute kidney injury; CCL14, chemokine ligand 14; HJV, hemojuvelin; IL-18, interleukin-18; KIM-1, kidney injury molecule-1; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; PROENK, proenkephalin.
Biomarkers in pursuit of precision medicine for acute kidney injury: hard to get rid of customs (krcp-ksn.org)